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Decided in [ Find Cases that were decided in ]	select All Asylum Countries Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark European Union Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong SAR Hungary India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea (Rep.) Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Romania South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
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Claimant's country of origin [ Find cases involving claimants from ]	select All Countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo (DRC) Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia (Hrvatska) Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia European Union Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea (Dem. People's Rep.) Korea (Rep.) Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia (FYR) Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory, Occupied Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia Zimbabwe
Hathaway numbers [ Find cases that use these hathaway numbers ]	select  All Hathaway Numbers 1.0 The development of the refugee definition in international law 1.1 International refugee definitions before 1951 1.1.1 The juridical perspective 1.1.2 The social perspective 1.1.3 The individualist perspective 1.2 The 1951 Convention definition of refugee status 1.3 The impact of the 1967 Protocol on the Convention definition 1.4 International expansion of the refugee concept 1.4.1 Enhanced competence of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1.4.2 The attempt to draft a Convention on Territorial Asylum 1.4.3 African Expansion of the Refugee Concept 1.4.4 Latin American Expansion of the Refugee Concept 1.4.5 European Expansion of the Refugee Concept 1.4.6 Expansion of the Refugee Concept in the Practice of Other States 1.4.7 An Expanded Refugee Concept in Customary International Law? 1.5 An expanded refugee concept in customary international law? 2.0 Alienage 2.1 Refugees sur place 2.1.1 Claims grounded in events in the country of origin 2.1.2 Claims grounded in the asylum seeker's activities abroad 2.2 Departure from the state of origin 2.2.1 Illegal departure or stay abroad 2.2.2 Inferences based on the legality of departure 2.3 Choice of the country of asylum 2.4 Illegal entry or stay in an asylum state 2.5 Determining the state of reference 2.5.1 Persons with dual or multiple nationality 2.5.2 Stateless persons 3.0 Well-founded fear 3.1 Fear: the requirement for prospective assessment of risk 3.1.1 Historical foundation of the prospective risk requirement 3.1.2 The practical imperative for prospective assessment of risk 3.1.3 Subjective fear as a negative constraint on the objective trump" 3.1.4 Fear as an aspect of the objective assessment of risk 3.2 Well-founded assessment of risk: stating the test 3.2.1 Relevance of general evidence of respect for human rights 3.2.2 Role of the refugee claimant’s testimony 3.2.3 Evidence of individualized past persecution 3.2.4 Evidence of harm to persons similarly situated 3.2.5 Assessing risk within the context of generalized oppression 4.0 Persecution 4.1 Persecution as the sustained or systemic violation of basic human rights resulting from a failure of 4.2 The nature of a state’s duty of protection 4.3 Risk to civil and political rights 4.4 Risk to economic, social, and cultural rights 4.4.1 Persecution distinguished from hardship 4.4.2 Defining a breach of economic, social, or cultural rights 4.5 Failure of the state’s duty to protect basic human rights 4.5.1 Agents of persecution 4.5.2 Regionalized failure to protect 5.0 Nexus to civil or political status 5.1 Race 5.2 Nationality 5.3 Religion 5.4 Political opinion 5.4.1 Unexpressed political opinion 5.4.2 Political opinion implicit in conduct 5.5 Membership of a particular social group 5.5.1 Gender 5.5.2 Sexual orientation 5.5.3 Family 5.5.4 Class or caste 5.5.5 Voluntary associations 5.6 Other grounds for claiming refugee status 5.6.1 Criminal status: prosecution or persecution? 5.6.2 Refusal to perform military service 5.6.3 Victims of war and violence 6.0 Cessation and exclusion 6.1 Persons who have regained the protection of their state of origin 6.1.1 Voluntary re-availment of national protection 6.1.2 Voluntary re-acquisition of nationality 6.1.3 Voluntary re-establishment in the country in which persecution was feared 6.1.4 Change of circumstances 6.2 Persons who benefit from surrogate national or international protection 6.2.1 United Nations protection or assistance 6.2.2 Acquisition of a new nationality 6.2.3 Residence with the rights and obligations of a national 6.3 Persons who do not deserve protection 6.3.1 Crimes against peace and security 6.3.2 Serious non-political crimes 6.3.3 Acts contrary to the principles and purposes of the united nations Match Any   Match All
Concept(s) [ Find cases about ]	select  All Concepts A Abuse by claimant Accommodation, risk of denial of Activities abroad, claims based on Acts contrary to principles and purposes of United Nations Age, risk because of Agent of persecution Apartheid Apostasy Arbitrary arrest, risk of Arbitrary detention, risk of Armed conflict Arranged marriage, risk of Arrest, arbitrary, risk of Assault, risk of Assembly, risk of denial of freedom of Assistance from United Nations Association, risk of denial of freedom of Associations, voluntary, risk because of Asylum, fear because of application for Atheism, risk because of B Balance of probabilities Battered wives/women Being persecuted Benefit of the doubt Birth control programs Black market child, risk because of Burden of proof C Caste Causation Cessation of refugee status Change of circumstances Children, risk because of being Choice of country of asylum Circumcision, risk of Citizenship, claim to Civil and political rights, risk of denial of Civil war Civilians Claim to refugee status, delay in making Claim to refugee status, evidence Claimant’s testimony Clan warfare Class, risk because of Coercion, as defense to crime against peace Color, risk because of Combatants Common crimes Complicity of state Compulsory nationalization Conditions of employment, risk of denial of Conscience, risk of denial of freedom of, Conscientious objector Conscription Consular services Convention Corroboration Council of Europe Country of asylum, choice of Country of first asylum Country of former habitual residence Country of nationality, applicant outside of Country of origin Country of persecution, re-establishment in Credibility Crimes against humanity Crimes against peace and security Criminal prosecution Cultural rights, risk of denial of Customary international law D De facto nationality Departure, unauthorized Derogation from human rights standards Deserters Detention, arbitrary, risk of Differential punishment, risk of Diplomatic protection Diplomatic services Direct flight rule Discrimination, risk of Domestic violence Draft evasion Drug trafficking Dual nationality E Ecological refugees Economic class, risk because of Economic deprivation, risk of Economic migrants Economic persecution Economic proscription Economic, social and cultural rights Education, right to, risk of denial of Employment, right to, risk of denial of Environmental refugees Ethnic cleansing Ethnic minorities Ethnicity, fear because of European Union Evasion of military service Evidence Exclusion from Convention Execution, risk of Expression, freedom of, risk of denial of Expulsion, freedom from Extortion, risk of Extradition law, relevance of F Fact-finding Failure of state to protect Fair trial, right to, risk of denial of False travel documents Family Family planning policies/programs Fear, objective Fear, subjective Female circumcision Female genital mutilation First country of arrival Food, right to, risk of denial of For reasons of Forced labor Former habitual residence Forward-looking risk Fraud by claimant Freedom fighter Freedom of assembly, risk of denial of Freedom of association, risk of denial of Freedom of conscience, risk of denial of Freedom of expression, risk of denial of Freedom of movement, risk of denial of Freedom of opinion, risk of denial of Freedom of religion, risk of denial of Freedom of speech, risk of denial of Freedom of thought, risk of denial of Fugitives from justice, exclusion of G Gay Gender Gender persecution Gender, risk because of Generalized oppression Genital mutilation, risk of Genocide Good faith requirement Group persecution Guerilla warfare H Harassment Hardship, economic Health care, right to, risk of denial of Hearing refugee claims HIV/AIDS Homosexuality Housing, right to, risk of denial of Human rights Human rights violations I Illegal departure Illegal entry Illegitimate children Imposition of nationality Imputed political opinion Inability of state to protect Inchoate citizenship Indirect arrival Indiscriminate harm Innate or immutable characteristics Intention Internal conflict Internal flight alternative Internal protection alternative Internal relocation International criminal law, relevance of International protection J Jus cogens K Kinship, risk because of L Language, risk because of Law of general application Legality of departure (inferences based on) Lesbian Liberty and security, right to, risk of denial of Life, right to, risk of denial of Livelihood, denial of right to earn M Marital status, risk because of Marriage, right to, risk of denial of Martial law Medical care, right to, risk of denial of Membership of a particular social group Military service, refusal to perform Mixed motives Multiple nationality N National security Nationality Nationality, acquisition of new Nationality, de facto Nationality, dual/multiple Nationality, effective Nationality, new Nationality, re-acquisition Natural disasters Necessity, as defense to crime against peace New nationality Nexus to Convention ground Non-political crimes Non-refoulement Non-state agents O Objective assessment of risk Occupation as reason for persecution One-child policy Organization of African Unity Outside country of nationality P Particular social group Passport, destruction of Past persecution Persecution Persecution, agents of Persecution, condoned by state Persecution, economic Persecution, group Persecution, individual Persecution, past Persecution, reasons for Persecution, risk of Persecution, tolerated by State Persecution, well-founded fear of Physical integrity, right to, risk of denial of Political activities, inside state of origin Political activities, outside state of origin Political change Political offences Political opinion Political opinion, attributed Political opinion, implied Political opinion, imputed Political prisoner Post-departure activities Poverty Principles and purposes of the United Nations Privacy, right to, risk of denial of Private harm Procedures for status determination Profession, right to exercise, risk of denial of Profession, risk because of Property, deprivation of Prosecution Proselytize, right to, risk of denial of Prospective assessment of risk Protection Protection, diplomatic Protection, failure of Protection, re-availment of Protocol Punishment, differential R Race Racism, risk of Rape, risk of Re-acquisition of nationality Re-availment of protection Re-establishment in country of persecution Real chance’ of persecution Reasonable chance’ of persecution Reasonable degree of likelihood’ of persecution Reasonable possibility’ of persecution Refugee Convention Refugees sur place Refusal to join army Regional agreements Regional organizations Regionalized failure of protection Religion Religion, freedom of, risk of denial of Relocation, forced Residence, former habitual Rights, civil and political, risk of denial of Rights, economic/social/cultural, risk of denial of Risk of persecution Risk, forward-looking S Safe third country Self defence Self-serving activities Serious harm Serious non-political crimes Sex/gender Sexual assault Sexual orientation Sexual violence Similarly situated persons Singled out requirement Slavery, freedom from, risk of denial of Social class Social group Social rights, risk of denial of Soldiers Speech, right to, risk of denial of Spousal abuse Standard of proof State protection State, inability to protect State, unwillingness to protect Stateless persons Sterilization, as persecution Students, risk because of Subjective fear Sufficiency of state protection Superior orders, exception to exclusion Sur place claims Surrogate protection T Targeting requirement Terrorism, exclusion due to Thought, freedom of, risk of denial of Torture Trade union membership Transexuals Transit through safe country Travel documents, destruction of U Unable to seek state protection Unauthorized departure Unauthorized entry Undocumented asylum seekers Union membership United Nations, assistance from United Nations, principles and purposes Unwilling to protect V Visa, destruction of Voluntary associations Voluntary re-acquisiton of nationality Voluntary re-availment of protection Voluntary re-establishment in country of origin W War War crimes War, civil Wealth, risk because of Well-founded fear Women Worship, right of, risk of denial of Y Young persons, risk because of status as Match Any   Match All
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